MALARIA AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: AN ECONOMETRIC ASSESSMENT.
Keywords:
Malaria, Economic growth, ECM and Nigeria.
Abstract
This study examined the impact of Malaria on Nigerian economic growth performance for the period (1992-2013). Annual time series data on real GDP, malaria incidence, Gross fixed capital formation, Public Health Expenditure and secondary school Enrolment rate were obtained from both Central Bank of Nigerian statistical Bulletin and World Bank Development Indicators. The stationarity state of the variables was examined using Augmented Dickey Fuller Test. The variables are integrated of order one. The trace statistics reveal that the variables are co-integrated, hence a long run relationship exist among the regressand and regressors. The parsimonious ECM reveals that malaria significantly impact on economic growth. Among other things the study recommends that intensive efforts should be made to redress the menace of Malaria.
References
Abiding R.Z. & J.J. Peveira (2011) Malaria and Climate Change: A Discussion on Economic Impacts American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 7(1).
Acemoglu D. & S.Johnson, (2007) Disease and Development: The Effects of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 115 (6): University of Chicago U.S.A.
Ajani, O.I.Y & P.C Ugwu, (2008). Impact of Adverse health on Agricultural Productivity of
Farmers in Kainji Basin North-Central Nigeria, Stochastic production frontiers Approach, Trends Agric Econs, 1:1-7.
Alaba, O.A & O,B Alaba, (2011). Malaria in rural Nigeria; implication for the Millennium
Development goals. Department of Economics university of Pretoria, South Africa.
Benjamin, W., M.Mangheni, T.Danniel, & R. Claudia, (2012). (FPR) discussion paper 01232 December. Environment and production technology Division.
Box, G.E.P. & G.M. Jenkins, (1976). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. Revised Edition. San Francisco: Holden Day.
Box, G.E.P. & D.A.Pierce, Distribution of Residual. Autocorrelations in Autoregressive Integrated Modeling Average Time Series Models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65 (332).
Brinkmann, U., D.S, Shepherd, M.B. Billing, & R. Savervorn, (1991). The Economic cost of malaria in Africa. Tropical medicine parasitology, 42(3): 199-203
Coker, H.A.B., C.M Chukwani., H.D. Ifudu & B.A. Aina The Malaria Scourge. Concepts in Disease Management. Nigeria Journal of Pharmacy, 32.
Egsuche C.M., C.I. Eneanya, D.N Ariboclor, O.A. Eneanya C.N. Ogbuaya & Ezugbo-Nwobi, I.K. (2013). Malaria Prevalence and use of Insecticide-Treated Net Among Community Members in Aguelri, America State, Nigeria. The Bioscientist. 1(1) http://www.bioscientistjournal.com.
Gallup, J.L & J.D Sachs, (2001). The economic Burden of malaria: An America journals of tropical medicine and hygiene. http://www. Net martafrica. Org/ key issues/ facts sheet (85-96).
Goodman, C.A & K.I, Chima (2000). The economic impact of malaria in Africa: a critical review of the evidence, health policy 63(1):17-36
Granger C. & P. Newbold (1974) Spurious Regression in Econometrics Journal of Econometrics, 2(2).
Grossman, M (1972). A stock approach to the demand for health national bureau of economic Research, 72:1-10
Gujarati D.N. & D.C.Porter, (2009). Basic Econometrics McGraw-Hill.
Hall, R. E. & Jones, C.I. (1996). The Productivity of Nations NBER Working Paper No 5812.
Hall, R.E. & C.I. Jones (1998) Why Do Same Countries Produce So Much more Output per Worker than others centre for Economic Policy Research Stanford and National Science Foundation.
Hong, S.C (2005). A longitudinal Analysis of the Burden of malaria on Health and Economic productivity: the American case, University of Chicago Mimeo
Iyoha M.A. & O.T. Ekenhem, (2011). Introductory Econometrics. Mareh Publishers Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria marehpub@yahoo.com.
Kwadwo A.O., F.A. ASaute,; J.Tarekegu, & K.S Audam, (2011). A Review of the Economic Impact of Malaria in Agricultural Development. The Journal of the International Association of Agricultural Econometrics, 42 (3).
Madhukar, P. A., W. Zachariah,; S. Rose, S. Afyajit, S.Verghese, & A. Joseph, (1997) Malaria and Migrant labourers Socio-Epidemiological Inquiry Economic and Political Weekly, 32 (16) http://www.jstor.org/stable/4405311.
Marrow, A., N.Smith, & E. Nimo, (1982). Epidemiological basis for clinical diagnosis of child malaria in endemic zone in West Africa. Lancet 338. 1292-1295.
Mia .S. and J. Kallio (2016). Children Perception of Poverty. Child Indicators Research. The Official Journal of the International Society of Child Indicators. Journal No. 12187. Vol9(2)
Obinna O., N. Uguru, E.Etiaba, I. Chikezie, B. Uzochukwu & Adjagba, A. (2013). The Economic Burden of Malaria on Households and Health System in Enugu State South-East Nigeria. https://www.ucbinlm.nih.gov/pme/article/pmc3817251. vol. 8(11).
Onwujekwe, O. Malikel, P, Mustafa, S. & Mnzavaa, A. (2000). Do malaria preventive intervention reach the poor? Socio economic inequalities in expenditure on and used mosquito control tools in Sudan. Health Policy Plan.
Parrish, R.C (2010). Measuring population Health outcomes. Preventing chronic disease. Public health research, practice and policy, 7( 4).
Rome D. (2011). Advanced Macroeconomic McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Ryan, W. (2014). Human Capital in the City: Exploring the Relationship Between Skill and Productivity in US Metropolitan Areas University of Massachussets.
Shepard D.S., M.B. Effing, U. Briakman & Saverborn, R (1991). The Economic Cost of Malaria in Africa. Trop Med. Panasitol, 42. PMID1801147.
Stanley C.O., V.S. Mitchell, G.W. Pearson & Carpenter, C.C.J. (1991). Malaria, Obstacles
and Opportunities Status Review and Alternative Strategies, Division of International Health. Institute of Medicine National Academy Press.
Target G.A.T. (1991) Waiting for the Vaccine. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine first Annual Public Health Forum John Wiley and Sons Ltd. England.
Weisbrod, Burton A; Andrean O.; Ralphj, L. B. & Rosert, E. (1973) Disease and Economic Development: The Impact of Panasitic Diseases in St. Lucia University of Wisconsin Press.
Weisbrod, B.A. (1973). Economics of public health, measuring the economic impact of disease. Philadelphia, University of Pennsywania press.
World Health Organization (2010). World Malaria Report ISBN978924 156106. NCM Classification WC 765. Geneva.
World Health Organization (2006). Waking Together for Health. The World Health Report. ISBN 9241563176 NCM Classification: 530.1.
World Health Organization (2002). Malaria Entomology and Vector Control. Learners guide Social Mobilization and Training. Available at www.malaria .org.zw/vector/VC24 pdf.
World Health Organization (2006). Malaria in Africa. Roll Back Malaria info Sheet. World Health Organization Genera.
World Health Organization (2002). Roll back malaria partnership. Malaria and children. Accessed from http://www rbn: wlto. Int/ cmc – upload /0/000/015/367M info sheet 6, htm. Geneva.
World Health Organization (2012). World Health Development indicators. Washington, DC.
World Health Organization (2008). World malaria report, Geneva, 2008
Yale G. U. (1726) Why Do We Sometimes Get Nonesense Correlation between Time-Series A Study in Sampling and Nature of Time Series. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 89(1).
Acemoglu D. & S.Johnson, (2007) Disease and Development: The Effects of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 115 (6): University of Chicago U.S.A.
Ajani, O.I.Y & P.C Ugwu, (2008). Impact of Adverse health on Agricultural Productivity of
Farmers in Kainji Basin North-Central Nigeria, Stochastic production frontiers Approach, Trends Agric Econs, 1:1-7.
Alaba, O.A & O,B Alaba, (2011). Malaria in rural Nigeria; implication for the Millennium
Development goals. Department of Economics university of Pretoria, South Africa.
Benjamin, W., M.Mangheni, T.Danniel, & R. Claudia, (2012). (FPR) discussion paper 01232 December. Environment and production technology Division.
Box, G.E.P. & G.M. Jenkins, (1976). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. Revised Edition. San Francisco: Holden Day.
Box, G.E.P. & D.A.Pierce, Distribution of Residual. Autocorrelations in Autoregressive Integrated Modeling Average Time Series Models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65 (332).
Brinkmann, U., D.S, Shepherd, M.B. Billing, & R. Savervorn, (1991). The Economic cost of malaria in Africa. Tropical medicine parasitology, 42(3): 199-203
Coker, H.A.B., C.M Chukwani., H.D. Ifudu & B.A. Aina The Malaria Scourge. Concepts in Disease Management. Nigeria Journal of Pharmacy, 32.
Egsuche C.M., C.I. Eneanya, D.N Ariboclor, O.A. Eneanya C.N. Ogbuaya & Ezugbo-Nwobi, I.K. (2013). Malaria Prevalence and use of Insecticide-Treated Net Among Community Members in Aguelri, America State, Nigeria. The Bioscientist. 1(1) http://www.bioscientistjournal.com.
Gallup, J.L & J.D Sachs, (2001). The economic Burden of malaria: An America journals of tropical medicine and hygiene. http://www. Net martafrica. Org/ key issues/ facts sheet (85-96).
Goodman, C.A & K.I, Chima (2000). The economic impact of malaria in Africa: a critical review of the evidence, health policy 63(1):17-36
Granger C. & P. Newbold (1974) Spurious Regression in Econometrics Journal of Econometrics, 2(2).
Grossman, M (1972). A stock approach to the demand for health national bureau of economic Research, 72:1-10
Gujarati D.N. & D.C.Porter, (2009). Basic Econometrics McGraw-Hill.
Hall, R. E. & Jones, C.I. (1996). The Productivity of Nations NBER Working Paper No 5812.
Hall, R.E. & C.I. Jones (1998) Why Do Same Countries Produce So Much more Output per Worker than others centre for Economic Policy Research Stanford and National Science Foundation.
Hong, S.C (2005). A longitudinal Analysis of the Burden of malaria on Health and Economic productivity: the American case, University of Chicago Mimeo
Iyoha M.A. & O.T. Ekenhem, (2011). Introductory Econometrics. Mareh Publishers Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria marehpub@yahoo.com.
Kwadwo A.O., F.A. ASaute,; J.Tarekegu, & K.S Audam, (2011). A Review of the Economic Impact of Malaria in Agricultural Development. The Journal of the International Association of Agricultural Econometrics, 42 (3).
Madhukar, P. A., W. Zachariah,; S. Rose, S. Afyajit, S.Verghese, & A. Joseph, (1997) Malaria and Migrant labourers Socio-Epidemiological Inquiry Economic and Political Weekly, 32 (16) http://www.jstor.org/stable/4405311.
Marrow, A., N.Smith, & E. Nimo, (1982). Epidemiological basis for clinical diagnosis of child malaria in endemic zone in West Africa. Lancet 338. 1292-1295.
Mia .S. and J. Kallio (2016). Children Perception of Poverty. Child Indicators Research. The Official Journal of the International Society of Child Indicators. Journal No. 12187. Vol9(2)
Obinna O., N. Uguru, E.Etiaba, I. Chikezie, B. Uzochukwu & Adjagba, A. (2013). The Economic Burden of Malaria on Households and Health System in Enugu State South-East Nigeria. https://www.ucbinlm.nih.gov/pme/article/pmc3817251. vol. 8(11).
Onwujekwe, O. Malikel, P, Mustafa, S. & Mnzavaa, A. (2000). Do malaria preventive intervention reach the poor? Socio economic inequalities in expenditure on and used mosquito control tools in Sudan. Health Policy Plan.
Parrish, R.C (2010). Measuring population Health outcomes. Preventing chronic disease. Public health research, practice and policy, 7( 4).
Rome D. (2011). Advanced Macroeconomic McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Ryan, W. (2014). Human Capital in the City: Exploring the Relationship Between Skill and Productivity in US Metropolitan Areas University of Massachussets.
Shepard D.S., M.B. Effing, U. Briakman & Saverborn, R (1991). The Economic Cost of Malaria in Africa. Trop Med. Panasitol, 42. PMID1801147.
Stanley C.O., V.S. Mitchell, G.W. Pearson & Carpenter, C.C.J. (1991). Malaria, Obstacles
and Opportunities Status Review and Alternative Strategies, Division of International Health. Institute of Medicine National Academy Press.
Target G.A.T. (1991) Waiting for the Vaccine. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine first Annual Public Health Forum John Wiley and Sons Ltd. England.
Weisbrod, Burton A; Andrean O.; Ralphj, L. B. & Rosert, E. (1973) Disease and Economic Development: The Impact of Panasitic Diseases in St. Lucia University of Wisconsin Press.
Weisbrod, B.A. (1973). Economics of public health, measuring the economic impact of disease. Philadelphia, University of Pennsywania press.
World Health Organization (2010). World Malaria Report ISBN978924 156106. NCM Classification WC 765. Geneva.
World Health Organization (2006). Waking Together for Health. The World Health Report. ISBN 9241563176 NCM Classification: 530.1.
World Health Organization (2002). Malaria Entomology and Vector Control. Learners guide Social Mobilization and Training. Available at www.malaria .org.zw/vector/VC24 pdf.
World Health Organization (2006). Malaria in Africa. Roll Back Malaria info Sheet. World Health Organization Genera.
World Health Organization (2002). Roll back malaria partnership. Malaria and children. Accessed from http://www rbn: wlto. Int/ cmc – upload /0/000/015/367M info sheet 6, htm. Geneva.
World Health Organization (2012). World Health Development indicators. Washington, DC.
World Health Organization (2008). World malaria report, Geneva, 2008
Yale G. U. (1726) Why Do We Sometimes Get Nonesense Correlation between Time-Series A Study in Sampling and Nature of Time Series. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 89(1).
Published
2019-06-26
Section
Articles
All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or any means without prior permission in writing from the copyright owner.
